Io

An interactive globe of the most volcanically active body in the Solar System, textured with the USGS Galileo SSI + Voyager ISS controlled merged-colour mosaic. All 260 IAU-adopted names are selectable — 170 paterae, the montes, the flow fields and the great albedo regions; the research feed is retrieved at run time.

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Surface & Relief

Exaggeration 18×
Data layer

Named Features

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Research feed

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drag rotates · scroll sets range · markers respond to hover and click

Base: USGS controlled merged-colour global mosaic of Io, 1 km/px, from Galileo SSI and Voyager ISS frames, 11,445 × 5,723 source pixels (NASA/JPL; USGS Astrogeology). Topography: none — no controlled global DEM of Io has been published, and the sphere carries no measured relief. Nomenclature: USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature (IAU), 260 adopted names. Rotation: IAU 2015, synchronous (Ẇ = 203.4889538°/day, W₀ = 200.39°). Volumetric mean radius 1821.49 ± 0.50 km.
Method

Methodology

The sphere is rendered in Three.js at Io's volumetric mean radius, 1821.49 km (IAU 2015), scaled to scene units. The base layer is the USGS controlled merged-colour global mosaic at 1 km/px, in which Galileo SSI colour ratios are merged with the higher-resolution monochrome Galileo and Voyager frames; the yellows, whites and reds are sulphur and sulphur-dioxide frosts, the dark patches are silicate lavas at their vents. Relief is offered but has no measured source: no controlled global digital elevation model of Io has been published, so with relief enabled the page derives a bump map from mosaic luminance, which encodes illumination and albedo rather than height. Should a DEM be added to Data/worlds/io/layers/ the displacement path activates unchanged. Textures are read from Data/worlds/io/.

Features and research feed

Named features are the complete IAU set drawn from the USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature via Data/worlds/io/features.json: 260 records, of which 170 are paterae — the flat-floored volcanic depressions that hold most of Io's eruptive activity — together with the montes, the fluctūs flow fields, the mensae and plana, and the ten great albedo regiones. A centre point is an official coordinate; it does not imply a mapped outline, a plume, or a current activity state. The research panel queries body_server.py at /api/io/latest for current Io literature (NASA ADS, with OpenAlex and arXiv as fallbacks); a per-feature endpoint returns recent papers on the selected feature. Absent a server, the seed research.json and ADS search links are substituted. Engine, server and schema are shared with the Mercury, Venus and Moon globes.

Calibration

Markers use the east-positive convention of the IAU, converted on ingest from the Gazetteer's positive-west publication. The longitude registration of the mosaic was measured rather than assumed: the 156 equatorial paterae in the catalogue were sampled against the four possible mirror-and-offset combinations of the texture, and only one places them systematically dark — a mean of 94.8 DN against a 131.7 DN band mean, with 88 % of individual paterae below it. That combination is the same as Mercury's, so lonOffsetDeg is zero and the image left edge is 180°E. Loki Patera (13.0°N, 51.2°E) and Pele (18.7°S, 104.7°E) are the visual registration checks.

References
Named bodies

Named-body context

Io is highlighted in cyan on a live map of the uniquely-named solar-system bodies — planets, dwarf planets, named asteroids and comets — with the interstellar objects and escaping spacecraft, each at its current position and linked to its source.

base imagery: USGS Galileo SSI + Voyager ISS colour-merge mosaic · topography: none published · research feed via body_server.py